Manufacturing flow batteries using advanced 3D printing technology—A review

In the past decade, electrochemical energy storage systems such as rechargeable batteries have been explored potential candidates for large-scale of intermittent power sources. Among these, redox flow stand out due to their low fabrication costs, high scalability, and long cycle life. Several battery pilot plants with MWh capacity constructed worldwide, although commercial profitability is currently under investigation. 3D printing a burgeoning technology offers unlimited opportunities in process optimizing design, performance, cost compared traditional top-down manufacturing techniques. This review discusses principles various techniques, followed by explaining advantages, disadvantages, major factors consider when using construction efficient batteries. The practical applications different chemistries decade are critically summarized, including classical all-vanadium, Zn/Br, novel competitors. Lastly, summary provided along outlooks that may provide valuable guidance scientists interested this research frontier.